Low cost carriers (LCCs) represent one of the most exciting and dynamic yet often contentious developments in recent commercial aviation history. Formed as a direct result of policies of airline deregulation and liberalisation that were initiated in the United States in the late 1970s before being implemented in certain European, Australasian, Latin American and other world markets from the mid-1990s onwards to encourage competition, LCCs have been responsible for progressively reconfiguring the spatial patterns, operational practices and passenger experiences of flight. In the process, they have enabled growing numbers of people to fly to more places, more frequently, and at lower cost than had been previously possible. In so doing, however, they have generated a number of socio-economic and environmental challenges. The 23 essays included in this volume provide a detailed insight into the emergence, expansion and evolution of the low cost carrier sector worldwide. The volume covers deregulation and liberalisation of the global airline sector, the business models and operating characteristics of low cost carriers, the changing nature of the airline/airport relationship, LCC network characteristics, issues of pricing and competition and the current impacts and likely future trajectories.

This book provides an explanation of key underlying economic principles, allowing the reader to come to a better understanding of the critical factors that structure and guide transport markets. This is done through an examination of the interaction between the behaviour of individual users and providers of transport services and transport authorities actions through the implementation of transport policy. The book also considers on-going reforms in the organisation of all aspects of transport provision. These reforms seek to move transport delivery away from a model of high state intervention towards one that is far more market focused in its approach, thereby significantly increasing individuals responsibilities for their own transport actions.

The Economics of Transport covers topics such as;

- The demand and supply of transport services

- Market structures and the underlying economic characteristics of transport markets

- The economics of transport and the environment

- Transport subsidises and regulation

- Transport forecasting and appraisal

With a selection of case studies and exercises, this book will be of use to higher level students. It will also be of interest to professionals in the transport planning, transport modelling and transport economics fields.

The Routledge Handbook of Urban Logistics offers a state of the art, comprehensive overview of the discipline of urban and city logistics. The COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in internet shopping in particular has placed new demands on urban logistics which require innovative technological and policy responses. Similarly, the necessity for sustainable urban logistics offers both a challenge and opportunity for development and seeks to address traffic congestion, local air quality, traffic related degradation, the use of energy, safety aspects and noise. Featuring contributions from world-leading, international scholars, the chapters examine concepts, issues and ideas across six topic areas that reflect the increasingly diverse nature of current research and thinking in urban logistics: key features of urban logistics, freight transport, sectors in urban logistics, technical aspects, policy, and environmental and social sustainability. Each chapter provides an overview of current knowledge, identifies issues, discusses the relevant debates in urban logistics and the future research agenda. This handbook offers a single repository on the current state of knowledge, written from a practical perspective, utilising theory that is applied and developed using real-work examples. It is an essential reference for researchers, academics and students working in all areas of urban logistics, from policy and planning to technology and sustainability, in addition to industry practitioners looking to develop their professional knowledge.

The 1970's and 1980's witnessed both substantial conceptual and practical interest in paratransit across Europe and North America, as well as widespread implementation of paratransit services and strategies. Subsequently, the trajectory of paratransit (also often referred to as flexible transport systems) has waned, to the point where it is frequently relegated to a very narrow niche (often related to special needs) in the spectrum of collective transport services. More recently, technological advances have made feasible new and / or improved approaches for organizing and delivering local passenger transportation. With practice, policy and research in paratransit now being impacted by these developments, a new set of possibilities is emerging. Some practitioners have forged ahead over the past decade and implemented services and organizational models that show the way forward for what is possible, sometimes without the benefit of the most advanced available technologies. This book draws on a selection of papers presented at the International Paratransit Conference in Monterey in October 2014 to capture these exciting developments.

The Routledge Handbook of Public Transport is a reference work of chapters providing in-depth examination of the current issues and future developments facing public transport. Chapters in this book are dedicated to specific key topics, identifying the challenges therein and pointing to emerging areas of research and concern. The content is written by an international group of expert contributors and is enhanced through contributions from practitioners to deliver a broader perspective. The Handbook deals with public transport policy context, modal settings, public transport environment, public transport delivery issues, smart card data for planning and the future of public transport. This comprehensive reference work will be a vital source for academics, researchers and transport practitioners in public transport management, transport policy and transport planning.

Congestion and traffic-related pollution are increasingly becoming major issues in towns and cities world-wide. This book deals with carefully selected market and non-market based measures to reduce congestion, and their implementation and effectiveness in tackling the problem. The book features a multi-authored research-based text comprising 12 individual chapters that draw upon relevant case studies. The authors were specifically chosen for their global expertise in terms of the respective Demand Management Tools. Drawing on international case studies, the book details the role played internationally by selected Transport Demand Management (TDM) measures in dealing with both congestion and traffic-related pollution in urban areas, focusing on their relative merits and in particular their effectiveness and the issues surrounding implementation.

The development of civil aviation in the early 20th century presented a range of new legal and regulatory challenges concerning the rights of an aircraft from one state to enter the aerial territory of another. International flights threatened the territorial integrity of nation states and prompted politicians to draw up new aerial legislation and regulations to govern this new form of aerial movement. Whereas some states advocated free and open access to airspace and unrestricted aerial movement, other nations pursued a more protectionist stance based on regulation and reciprocal access arrangements. Technological developments in aircraft design and performance, combined with changing global political relations and the introduction of new forms of economic regulation have all fundamentally affected the development of air transport.

Air Transport Management: An International Perspective provides in-depth instruction in the diverse and dynamic area of commercial air transport management. The 2nd edition has been extensively revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the sector. The textbook includes both introductory reference material and more advanced content so as to provide a solid foundation in the core principles and practices of air transport management. This 2nd edition includes a new chapter on airline regulation and deregulation and new dedicated chapters focusing on aviation safety and aviation security. Four new contributors bring additional insights and expertise to the book. The 2nd edition retains many of the key features of the 1st edition, including: * A clearly structured topic-based approach that provides information on key air transport management issues including: aviation law, economics; airport and airline management; finance; environmental impacts, human resource management; and marketing; * Chapters authored by leading air transport academics and practitioners worldwide which provide an international perspective; * Learning objectives and key points which provide a framework for learning; * Boxed case studies and examples in each chapter; * Keyword definitions and stop and think boxes to prompt reflection and aid understanding of key terms and concepts. Designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying aviation and business management degree programmes and industry practitioners seeking to expand their knowledge base, the book provides a single point of reference to the key legal, regulatory, strategic and operational concepts and processes that shape the form and function of the world's commercial air transport industry.

Congestion and traffic-related pollution are increasingly becoming major issues in towns and cities world-wide. This book deals with carefully selected market and non-market based measures to reduce congestion, and their implementation and effectiveness in tackling the problem. The book features a multi-authored research-based text comprising 12 individual chapters that draw upon relevant case studies. The authors were specifically chosen for their global expertise in terms of the respective Demand Management Tools. Drawing on international case studies, the book details the role played internationally by selected Transport Demand Management (TDM) measures in dealing with both congestion and traffic-related pollution in urban areas, focusing on their relative merits and in particular their effectiveness and the issues surrounding implementation.

Women play an essential role in the transport workforce worldwide, working in formal and informal jobs in public transport, road freight and logistics, rail, maritime and aviation sectors, in ports and in active travel. Women, Work and Transport is an international collection that brings together researchers with global expertise in gender and transport work to provide original evidence of the experiences of women working in all transport modes across countries in the Global North and the Global South. The 21 chapters reveal the everyday challenges faced by women working in highly masculinised environments, including gender stereotypes about women's lack of suitability for transport work, gender-based violence and harassment, limited opportunities for promotion and progression, inflexible work patterns, poor working conditions, and lack of gender-specific facilities. The transport sector has also been severely affected by the coronavirus pandemic, resulting in widespread furlough and redundancies. The effect of the pandemic on women's work in transport is addressed, while other chapters also reveal how women have succeeded in transport occupations, with the support of mentoring schemes, leadership programmes and trade unions, highlighting new emerging opportunities to challenge occupational gender segregation as the transport sector transforms through automation, digitisation, and the transition to low-carbon technologies. The Transport and Sustainability series addresses the important nexus between transport and sustainability containing volumes dealing with a wide range of issues relating to transport, its impact in economic, social and environmental spheres, and its interaction with other policy sectors.

Due to factors such as congestion and pollution there is increased public and academic interest in road user charging. Until now the debate has focused on the economic theory of road user charging. However, a cogent economic case does not necessarily ensure public acceptance and subsequent implementation. This book seeks to provide an academic account of how such schemes might be implemented. It deals with how the decision-making process should be undertaken in order to secure political and public acceptability. This book bridges the gap between economic theory and public policy making and suggests policy options as a means of combating road traffic congestion in urban areas. The book includes a chapter on the Central London congestion charging scheme detailing the various factors which have resulted in its successful implementation. This is essential reading for academics, advanced students of transport, economics, public policy and the environment, and policy makers at the international, national and local levels.

Due to factors such as congestion and pollution there is increased public and academic interest in road user charging. Until now the debate has focused on the economic theory of road user charging. However, a cogent economic case does not necessarily ensure public acceptance and subsequent implementation. This book seeks to provide an academic account of how such schemes might be implemented. It deals with how the decision-making process should be undertaken in order to secure political and public acceptability. This book bridges the gap between economic theory and public policy making and suggests policy options as a means of combating road traffic congestion in urban areas. The book includes a chapter on the Central London congestion charging scheme detailing the various factors which have resulted in its successful implementation. This is essential reading for academics, advanced students of transport, economics, public policy and the environment, and policy makers at the international, national and local levels.

This book provides an explanation of key underlying economic principles, allowing the reader to come to a better understanding of the critical factors that structure and guide transport markets. This is done through an examination of the interaction between the behaviour of individual users and providers of transport services and transport authorities actions through the implementation of transport policy. The book also considers on-going reforms in the organisation of all aspects of transport provision. These reforms seek to move transport delivery away from a model of high state intervention towards one that is far more market focused in its approach, thereby significantly increasing individuals' responsibilities for their own transport actions. The Economics of Transport covers topics such as; - The demand and supply of transport services - Market structures and the underlying economic characteristics of transport markets - The economics of transport and the environment - Transport subsidises and regulation - Transport forecasting and appraisal With a selection of case studies and exercises, this book will be of use to higher level students. It will also be of interest to professionals in the transport planning, transport modelling and transport economics fields.

In order to facilitate the safe, efficient and cost effective exchange of passengers and cargo between ground and sky airports require the provision of adequate runways, aircraft manoeuvring areas, cargo sheds and passenger processing facilities. Airports are capital intensive facilities and planning errors which result in the over or under-provision of capacity are both costly and problematic to rectify and so understanding the optimal configuration of passenger terminals is paramount. Of course, the design of passenger terminal buildings is influenced not only by levels of demand, the commercial requirements of airlines and tenant companies, the availability of investment funds and political influence but also by the aircraft that will be using the facility both now and in the future. Indeed, the introduction of the first generation of passenger jets in the 1950s and higher-capacity wide-bodied aircraft in the late 1960s required not only the expansion of gate areas and passenger processing facilities but also the introduction of new technologies such as the travelator, the baggage reclaim carousel and the airbridge. The introduction of the A380 'Super Jumbo' into revenue passenger service in 2007 similarly demanded a reconfiguration of the airports it serves and practitioners need to be cognisant of the options for accommodating a new generation of large aircraft. While large aircraft generally require a lengthy turn around period between flights and the extensive provision of expensive fixed ground support infrastructure, low cost carriers pursue a business model based on very short turnarounds and minimal use of airport infrastructure assets such as airbridges. One of the main challenges facing airport operators is how to accommodate the diverse and dynamic requirements of different operators and these issues are addressed in this Volume. Traditionally, aircraft were made and manufactured by small companies within one country but as costs have increased and technology has become more sophisticated, a relatively small number of manufacturers, which are supported by international supply chains, have come to dominate the commercial aircraft market. Originally, all aviation jet fuels were derived from crude oil. However, concerns about future oil supply and energy security combined with the need to improve aviation's environmental performance and sustainability has driven the development of alternative fuel sources. However, the development and adoption of alternative aviation fuels is not straightforward and the Volume examines the opportunities and challenges of widespread biofuel adoption in terms of production capacity, emissions reductions, cost and commercial viability. The final essays in this Volume address business model innovation in the airline and airport sector and include considerations of the future evolution of low cost carriers, the potential for airline-airport alliances and the development of multi-airport multinational operating companies.

The Routledge Handbook of Transport Economics offers the first state of the art overview of the discipline of transport economics as it stands today, reflective of key research and policy. Transport is an important area of study and one which is problem rich, stimulating a great deal of debate in areas which impact on everyday lives. Much of this focuses on the practicalities of the modern-day phenomenon of mass movement and all of the issues which surround it. The discipline of economics is central to this debate, and consequently the study and application of transport economics has a chief role to play in seeking to address subjects relating to major transport issues. It can be argued that at the very heart of any transport issue or problem lies the underlying economics of the situation - understand that and you alleviate the problem. Featuring contributions from world-leading scholars and practitioners from across the globe, all of the chapters within this book are written from a practical perspective; theory is applied and developed using real-world examples. The book examines concepts, issues, ideas and practicalities of transport provision in five key topic areas: public transport public transport reform economic development and transport modelling transport and the environment freight transport. A real strength of the book is in linking theory to practice, and hence the 'economics' that are examined in this text are not the economics of the abstract, but rather the economics of everyday living. Practical and insightful, this volume is an essential reference for any student or researcher working in all areas of transport provision, ranging from planning, appraisal, regulation and freight; and for all practitioners looking to develop their professional knowledge and who are seeking professional accreditation.

This book explores the reasons for difficulties in making cycling mainstream in many cultures, despite its claims for being one of the most sustainable forms of transport. The topic is looked at from the varying perspectives of people, the environment and the economy with multi-disciplinary contributions from the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Germany, Australia, China and USA. Initially, it examines the cultural development of cycling in countries with high use and the differences in use between different sub-groups of the population. It then explores issues of urban form, and the attributes of the network and the system for appropriately accommodating cycle users. Cross-cultural issues are once again investigated through an exposition of research in developing countries and the environment in which scheme promoters and users operate. The book draws to a close with an exploration of state-of-the-art thinking on demand model.

The delivery of reliable and efficient aviation services is predicated on effective decisions being made concerning the planning and provision of airport and aircraft infrastructure. Decisions that are made about investment and capacity provision have long term implications for airports, airlines and consumers. This Volume addresses issues of forecasting, infrastructure planning and provision, capacity, scheduling, safety and security, disruption management and resilience. Accurately forecasting consumer demand for air travel is a vitally important but notoriously challenging aspect of aviation policy formation and management. Forecasts of airline and airport activity may differ considerably from original predictions and there have been many examples of operational difficulties resulting from the over or underestimation of demand. Such issues are apparent not only in terminal buildings but also on the airfield and are of critical interest to planners and operational decision makers. Another activity which is of paramount importance is scheduling. Scheduling forms a vital part of airline operations as it is concerned with making the optimum use of scare resources and meeting consumer demand profitably. In terms of aviation planning and operations the importance of safety and security cannot be overstated and a number of essays in this Volume address this area. Together with safety and security concerns, a number of other factors have the potential to disrupt planned schedules and any disruption has the potential to cause delays, inconvenience and lost productivity and so ensuring a quick and orderly return to normal routine operations is vital.

Modern airports are dynamic and increasingly commercialised facilities that are designed and managed to serve the needs of a diverse group of users, including airlines, passengers and, increasingly, private shareholders. Essays in this Volume investigate the implications of privatisation and changes in global airport regulation on airport pricing, the experience of airport privatisation in selected global markets and the impacts of airport privatisation on costs and efficiency. One of the most important considerations for aviation operators is the level of service they provide to their customers and issues of airline and airport service quality are addressed in this Volume. Of course, both objective measures and individual customer perceptions of service quality depend not only on material assets and infrastructure but also on airline and airport employees delivering the standardised service expectations of their employers. As numerous industrial disputes have shown, employee dissatisfaction with terms and conditions of employment can escalate into strikes or work to rule which have the potential to seriously damage both a company's reputation and its bottom line. Managing people in aviation is thus critical to aviation performance and productivity and the essays in this Volume examine not only the effect of low cost carriers on industrial relations but also the role of gender in the delivery of, particularly airline, services.

The volume is based on papers presented at a workshop on the green transport agenda and its implications for Chinese cities, organised by the World Conference on Transport Research Society in September 2010. The five sections of this volume review the challenges facing urban transport internationally and in China. It considers approaches to policy formulation, the challenge of urban mobility and the development of green sustainable transportation, by reviewing best practice in objective setting, strategy analysis and policy selection, and comparing these with current practice in China. The authors examine passenger transport, and considers a number of current policy interventions in China and compare these with western experience with demand management and new vehicle technologies. Topics include 5D land-use transport model for a high density, rapidly growing city and Contextual requirements for electric vehicles in developed and developing countries. Finally freight and logistics is addressed, including the role of freight villages and milk run strategies, and challenges and policy recommendations for road freight in Shanghai.

As both an enabler and accelerator of globalisation, aviation has had profound and sometime unintended and unanticipated social and economic impacts. Commercial airports are not only transport nodes that facilitate aerial movement they are also major centres of employment but often sites of political contestation surrounding their planning and development as economic growth imperatives conflict with environmental concerns. Noise is often cited as being one of the most socially contested aspects of airport operations for local communities, particularly when flights are operating during the night. This is a particular challenge for cargo operators whose business model is based on rapid overnight delivery and distribution. Specific factors including night noise curfews and the provision and co-location of freight forwarders are significant determinants of airport choice and this, in turn, leads to freight forwarding firms clustering at major freight facilities. As well as meeting the mobility needs of business travellers and cargo consignors, air travel also facilitates the mass movement of leisure passengers. The benefits, challenges and limits to growth of this market segment are explored together with the social, economic and environmental challenges tourism creates for receiving countries. The role of airlines in planning, developing and marketing tourist destinations is also examined in this Volume. Aviation-led tourist development is particularly pronounced in cities such as Singapore and Dubai where air service deregulation and airport-airline-destination marketing strategies have created not only major international transit hubs but also significant centres of international urban tourism. In addition to serving routes with high levels of passenger and cargo demand, aviation also performs a vital role for geographically remote and/or inaccessible regions that cannot be rapidly accessed by road, sea or rail. Owing to lower levels of demand, the need for small (and sometimes specially equipped aircraft) and the vagaries of the local weather and climate, these services are expensive to operate and may not be economically viable without subsidy. Experiences from the US and European Union examine some of the issues surrounding the operation of these services. The Volume concludes with consideration of aviation's environmental impacts and potential mitigation strategies such as the EU's Emissions Trading System.

The world's commercial aviation industry comprises a complex and highly diverse range of businesses with different forms of governance, ownership, management structure and organisational philosophies. The essays in this Volume address issues of market structure, focusing particularly on changes in the aviation industry that have resulted from policies of deregulation, as well as revenue, cost and pricing, airline mergers and acquisitions and the reasons for and characteristics of global airline alliances. One of the most significant developments in aviation business strategy over the last four decades has been the emergence and expansion of low cost carriers and the implications that this business model has had for the sector in terms of competition, route offering, service innovation and profitability. Central to these discussions are issues of cost and the need to manage yields. This raises the issue of pricing, elasticity, and price discrimination, all of which are of relevance to passenger airlines, air cargo operators and airports. Policies of air service deregulation and liberalisation have fundamentally changed the market structure of airlines and airports. As a result of new airlines entering the market place, many incumbent carriers sought to protect and grow their market share by reconfiguring their network into a hub and spoke operation and merging with, or acquiring their competitors. Another strategy airlines can use to increase their network presence, market power, and obtain enhanced economies of scale and scope is to enter into a strategic alliance with another carrier. Membership of an alliance enables a firm to access new markets that would previously have been difficult and/or expensive to operate into and help to overcome (at least in part) ownership restrictions, a lack of traffic rights to a particular country and markets with limited demand. Deregulation and liberalisation have also changed the competitive nature of the airline market and led to a change in the ownership and control of airports and airlines with many moving from the public to the private sector. The increasingly competitive and contestable market, combined with commercial imperatives to generate a return on investment, means that airlines and airports are incentivised to grow their business through marketing and enhanced customer loyalty. Airlines helped to pioneer the development of customer loyalty schemes and the resulting frequent flyer programmes have become a standard aspect of many full service airline operators' product offerings. However, increased competition and business model innovation have prompted a reconfiguration of these schemes with some low cost operators now incorporating elements of frequent flyer schemes.

The development of civil aviation in the early 20th century presented a range of new legal and regulatory challenges concerning the rights of an aircraft from one state to enter the aerial territory of another. International flights threatened the territorial integrity of nation states and prompted politicians to draw up new aerial legislation and regulations to govern this new form of aerial movement. Whereas some states advocated free and open access to airspace and unrestricted aerial movement, other nations pursued a more protectionist stance based on regulation and reciprocal access arrangements. Technological developments in aircraft design and performance, combined with changing global political relations and the introduction of new forms of economic regulation have all fundamentally affected the development of air transport. This Volume explores carefully selected aspects of aviation law and regulation and examines the implications of changing regulatory intervention on the form and function of civil aviation worldwide.

The Routledge Handbook of Public Transport is a reference work of chapters providing in-depth examination of the current issues and future developments facing public transport. Chapters in this book are dedicated to specific key topics, identifying the challenges therein and pointing to emerging areas of research and concern. The content is written by an international group of expert contributors and is enhanced through contributions from practitioners to deliver a broader perspective. The Handbook deals with public transport policy context, modal settings, public transport environment, public transport delivery issues, smart card data for planning and the future of public transport. This comprehensive reference work will be a vital source for academics, researchers and transport practitioners in public transport management, transport policy and transport planning.

Air Transport Management: An International Perspective provides in-depth instruction in the diverse and dynamic area of commercial air transport management. The 2nd edition has been extensively revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the sector. The textbook includes both introductory reference material and more advanced content so as to provide a solid foundation in the core principles and practices of air transport management. This 2nd edition includes a new chapter on airline regulation and deregulation and new dedicated chapters focusing on aviation safety and aviation security. Four new contributors bring additional insights and expertise to the book. The 2nd edition retains many of the key features of the 1st edition, including: * A clearly structured topic-based approach that provides information on key air transport management issues including: aviation law, economics; airport and airline management; finance; environmental impacts, human resource management; and marketing; * Chapters authored by leading air transport academics and practitioners worldwide which provide an international perspective; * Learning objectives and key points which provide a framework for learning; * Boxed case studies and examples in each chapter; * Keyword definitions and stop and think boxes to prompt reflection and aid understanding of key terms and concepts. Designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying aviation and business management degree programmes and industry practitioners seeking to expand their knowledge base, the book provides a single point of reference to the key legal, regulatory, strategic and operational concepts and processes that shape the form and function of the world's commercial air transport industry.

The Routledge Handbook of Transport Economics offers the first state of the art overview of the discipline of transport economics as it stands today, reflective of key research and policy. Transport is an important area of study and one which is problem rich, stimulating a great deal of debate in areas which impact on everyday lives. Much of this focuses on the practicalities of the modern-day phenomenon of mass movement and all of the issues which surround it. The discipline of economics is central to this debate, and consequently the study and application of transport economics has a chief role to play in seeking to address subjects relating to major transport issues. It can be argued that at the very heart of any transport issue or problem lies the underlying economics of the situation - understand that and you alleviate the problem. Featuring contributions from world-leading scholars and practitioners from across the globe, all of the chapters within this book are written from a practical perspective; theory is applied and developed using real-world examples. The book examines concepts, issues, ideas and practicalities of transport provision in five key topic areas: public transport public transport reform economic development and transport modelling transport and the environment freight transport. A real strength of the book is in linking theory to practice, and hence the 'economics' that are examined in this text are not the economics of the abstract, but rather the economics of everyday living. Practical and insightful, this volume is an essential reference for any student or researcher working in all areas of transport provision, ranging from planning, appraisal, regulation and freight; and for all practitioners looking to develop their professional knowledge and who are seeking professional accreditation.